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The purpose of a removal is to influence and/or change wolf pack behavior to reduce the potential for recurrent wolf depredations on livestock, while continuing to promote wolf recovery. In some cases, removal of a wolf or wolves from a pack can reduce the amount of food requirements of the pack and thus limit future depredations. Removing wolves from the wild is an ultimate but effective tool in reducing wolf-livestock conflict. 

There is no policy requiring the use of non-lethal management techniques before issuing an order for removal or lethal take. However, the Service implements non-lethal management techniques to the maximum extent practicable prior to issuing a removal order for a Mexican wolf or wolves. It is only after we have implemented and/or considered other methods deemed ineffective to prevent depredations and the depredations are still occurring that we turn to removal orders. 

The Service looks at the following information when evaluating removal actions: 

1. Evidence in the Service’s files shows that Mexican wolves have injured or caused the death of domestic animals. Only confirmed depredations (physical evidence leaves little doubt that livestock was killed by a Mexican wolf) are considered.
2. Given the rate and proximity of depredations, the likelihood that Mexican wolves will continue to depredate on domestic animals in the near future if additional measures are not taken.
3. There must be no evidence to suggest the intentional use of attractants or feeding to attract wolves into the area.
4. The number of depredations in an area over a period of time, despite field and permittee efforts to mitigate the depredations.
5. The toll these depredations have caused the livestock producer(s). It is the Service’s intent to recover the Mexican wolf in a manner that reduces economic effects on stakeholders and the local livestock industry.
6. Whether the removal may prevent the Mexican wolf population from reaching recovery objectives. This includes consideration of the genetic benefit of individual wolves, if known.

No. Removal orders can result in a range of outcomes. Some orders result in live removals, which may include inclusion in the captive breeding program. Between 1998 and 2023, there have been 21 lethal removals of wolves, 81 non-lethal permanent removals, and 54 temporary removals. 

It is the policy of the Service not to discuss active removal orders for Mexican wolves. This policy is in place for the safety of our staff, the Mexican wolf field team, stakeholders, and the public. 

The public can access outcomes from removal orders on our Mexican Wolf Management Activities page. In addition, removal order outcomes are included in quarterly updates and annual reports. 

The Revision to the Nonessential Experimental Population of the Mexican Wolf (2022 final rule) authorizes the Service or designated agency to carry out intentional or opportunistic harassment, nonlethal control measures, translocation, placement in captivity, or lethal control of problem wolves. The Service or a designated agency may take any Mexican wolf in the experimental population in a manner consistent with a Service-approved management plan, special management measure, biological opinion pursuant to section 7(a)(2) of the Act, conference opinion pursuant to section 7(a)(4) of the Act, section 6 of the Act as described in 50 CFR 17.31 for State game and fish agencies with authority to manage Mexican wolves, or a valid permit issued by the Service through 50 CFR 17.32. 

Yes, we take into account the genetic contribution of individual wolves in many of our management decisions, including removals.