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Reducing Mexican Wolf-Livestock Conflict
Mexican Wolf Depredation Investigations
Mexican Wolf Depredation Compensation
Removing Wolves from the Landscape

Reducing Mexican Wolf-Livestock Conflict

The bet365����ios works alongside our partners and with livestock producers to limit the negative interaction between wolves and livestock. Working together, we utilize a range of field-tested deterrents, evaluate potentially effective husbandry practices, and develop innovative solutions to minimize wolf-livestock conflict. 

We have found several effective methods for reducing and preventing conflict with livestock in certain situations within the Mexican wolf recovery area. They include but are not limited to:

• Range riders - The range rider program is structured to address the needs of livestock owners whose livestock operations have been negatively affected by wolves when on range. Through this effort, agencies can quickly address on-the-ground wolf conflict in real time. Range riders can assist livestock producers in monitoring wolf activity in relation to livestock, provide human presence, and conduct hazing to deter wolves away from livestock.

• Turbo fladry - An electric fence with red flagging installed around livestock holding pastures and private property to discourage wolves from crossing the perimeter.

  

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• Hazing - Use of non-lethal ammunitions, including cracker shells and rubber bullets, to haze wolves near livestock. Wolves are hazed on foot or by vehicle in cases where wolves localize near areas of human activity, display nuisance behavior, are present in areas with recent depredations on livestock, or areas with potential for wolf-livestock conflict, or if found feeding on, chasing, or killing livestock.
• Carcass Removals - Attractants such as livestock carcasses are removed when the presence of those attractants could draw in wolves and lead to increased conflict. Carcass removal (by the Mexican Wolf Field Team or livestock producers) is prioritized in areas with active calving and prior to denning season to reduce the likelihood of wolves localizing and denning in an area where cattle are present.
• Livestock grazing rotation - Moving livestock between different pastures within U.S. Forest Service grazing allotments to avoid areas of high wolf use, including den and rendezvous sites.
• Radio telemetry - Monitoring equipment issued to livestock producers to facilitate their own proactive management activities and aid in the detection and prevention of livestock depredations.
• Diversionary food cache - Road-killed native prey carcasses or carnivore logs provided to wolves to reduce potential conflicts with livestock.

Communication between livestock producers and the Mexican Wolf Interagency Field Team is key to reducing wolf-livestock conflict within the recovery area. In addition to providing telemetry equipment to livestock producers, the Service regularly updates a , which shows generalized Mexican wolf locations. Livestock producers with concerns, including wolf sightings, are encouraged to call the Mexican wolf field team at (928) 339-4329, Pinetop wolf office (928) 532-2391 or toll free at (888) 459-9653.

Mexican Wolf Depredation Investigations

Some livestock producers will be affected financially due to direct losses of livestock from wolf depredations. In such cases, the Service and our partners work to support affected stakeholders seeking compensation for these economic impacts. 

What is a livestock depredation?

Livestock depredation occurs when domestic animals (cattle, horses, goats, sheep) are predated on by carnivores (bears, mountain lions, wolves). The Service defines a depredation as a confirmed killing or wounding of lawfully present domestic animals by one or more Mexican wolves. A depredation incident is defined as the total number of livestock killed or mortally wounded by an individual wolf or by a single pack of wolves at a single location within a one-day (24 hour) period, beginning with the first confirmed kill, as documented in an initial field team incident investigation.Wolves are managed based on the number of depredation incidents accumulated, so that following each incident the field team and affected stakeholders can conduct management actions prior to wolves accumulating multiple depredations in a single 24-hour period. 

Investigating depredations

When a Mexican wolf kills a domestic animal within the Mexican wolf recovery area, the livestock producer is eligible for compensation.

Some compensation programs require that a depredation be confirmed via investigation before funds can be paid out. For livestock within the Mexican wolf recovery area, these investigations are conducted by the program.

If a livestock producer suspects a depredation has occurred, they are encouraged to immediately contact the bet365����ios, USDA-Wildlife Services, Arizona Game and Fish Department or New Mexico Department of Game and Fish to request an investigation. Upon contact, Wildlife Services will send an investigator out to document the suspected depredation. The investigator takes photos and collects other information to help inform a final determination. 

Wildlife Services investigation results include confirmed wolf, probable wolf, unknown or other. At this time, producers are only compensated for confirmed wolf kills.In addition, current compensation does not pay for indirect damages from Mexican wolves that can include reduced conception rates, reduction of livestock weight, undetected depredations, increased management costs in active conflict situations and prospective conflict avoidance costs. For mor information read our Standard Operating Procedure 11.1 on Domestic Livestock and Pet Depredations. 

How many depredations occur in the Mexican wolf recovery area?

Understanding the role Mexican wolves are playing on the landscape, including conflict with livestock, is an important component of the recovery program. Depredation information is used to inform management decisions and resource allocation. 

The graph below shows the number of depredations per 100 wolves in the Recovery Area compared with the minimum of population of Mexican wolves. Identifying both the drivers of depredation and which management actions produce the best results in minimizing conflict, are key to reducing wolf-livestock conflict.

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Co-Existing with Mexican Wolves

Our goal is to recover Mexican wolves in a way that balances the needs of people, predators, and livestock over the long- term. Whether it is assisting livestock producers with hazing, providing range riders where cattle are present, or removing depredating wolves from the landscape, we have a suite of management tools available for preventing and addressing conflict. Successful coexistence with and social tolerance for Mexican wolves is possible, and we remain committed to the long-term recovery of this subspecies alongside thriving local communities. 

Mexican Wolf Depredation Compensation

There are currently two programs from which livestock producers can seek compensation for confirmed livestock losses due to predation by Mexican wolves:

1. The Livestock Indemnity Program authorized by the 2018 Farm Bill and administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Farm Service Agency.
2. The Wolf Livestock Loss Demonstration Grants authorized by the Omnibus Public Lands Management Act of 2009 (P.L. 111-11) and awarded by the Service through a competitive process to qualifying States and Tribes.  

USDA’s Livestock Indemnity Program 

The Livestock Indemnity Program (LIP) compensates livestock producers for losses in excess of normal mortality that are due to adverse weather or attacks by animals reintroduced to the wild by the Federal Government. LIP compensation payments are equal to 75% of the (national) average fair market value of the livestock. For more information see . 

Wolf-Livestock Loss Compensation and Prevention Grants 

The Service provides approximately $1,000,000 annually through a competitive process to eligible states and tribes to (1) assist livestock producers in undertaking proactive, non-lethal activities to reduce the risk of livestock loss due to predation by wolves and (2) compensation to producers for livestock losses due to wolf predation. 

Proactive, nonlethal preventive measures eligible for funding include, but are not limited to, fencing, livestock guard dogs, and range riders who patrol areas occupied by livestock susceptible to predation by wolves. Depredation Compensation funding may be used for the reimbursement of livestock losses due to confirmed wolf depredation. 

Included in the authorizing language is direction that funding made available should be allocated equally between the two grant purposes (compensation and prevention), and that the Federal share of the cost does not exceed 50 percent (requires a 50 percent non-Federal match). 

The Wolf Livestock Loss Demonstration Project Grants have been applied for by the Arizona Game and Fish Department and New Mexico Department of Agriculture (NMDA) in Arizona and New Mexico, respectively. The administers the funds received by AZGFD; the administers funds received by NMDA . 

If you suspect a wolf depredation:

Call (888) 459-9653 or 866-4USDA-WS to report a suspected livestock depredation. 

Removing Wolves from the Landscape

When wolf-livestock conflicts arise, the Service first implements non-lethal management techniques and works with the livestock producer to the maximum extent practicable to address the issue. In some cases, livestock producers will remove cattle from an area where conflict is occurring and maintain human presence with the cattle.

At the same time, the Mexican wolf field team will evaluate the situation and work to mitigate the conflict. For example, if there is an uncollared pack or individual wolf depredating in an area, the field team’s typical response is to radio-collar an animal, release the animal on site, and investigate the pack dynamics associated with that animal to determine additional appropriate management actions, such as the use of preventative measures (e.g., hazing of radio-collared animals, diversionary feeding at a den site, collaring more animals in the pack). It is only after the field team has implemented and/or considered all available methods to prevent depredations, and the depredations are still occurring that the Service will consider a removal order.

Removal orders can vary in the number of wolves targeted, the length of time the order is active for, and removal options (lethal control or live capture). Not all removal orders include lethal control as an option.

The Service considers the following to determine if a removal order is warranted: 

1. Evidence in the Service’s files shows that Mexican wolves have injured or caused the death of domestic animals. Only confirmed depredations (physical evidence leaves little doubt that livestock was killed by a Mexican wolf) are considered.
2. Given the rate and proximity of depredations, the likelihood that Mexican wolves will continue to depredate on domestic animals in the near future if additional measures are not taken.
3. There must be no evidence to suggest the intentional use of attractants or feeding to attract wolves into the area.
4. The number of depredations in an area over a period of time, despite field and permittee efforts to mitigate the depredations.
5. The toll these depredations have caused the livestock producer(s). It is the Service’s intent to recover the Mexican wolf in a manner that reduces economic effects on stakeholders and the local livestock industry.
6. Whether the removal may prevent the Mexican wolf population from reaching recovery objectives. This includes consideration of the genetic benefit of individual wolves, if known.

Mexican Wolf Removal Order Frequently Asked Questions